Socialist leader advocated in 1922:

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Socialist leader advocated in 1922:

· We demand that the government undertake the obligation above all of providing citizens with adequate opportunities for employment and earning a living. The activities of the individual must not be allowed to clash with the interests of the community, but must take place within its confines and be for the good of all ...

· We demand the nationalization of all businesses which have been amalgamated (into trusts).

· We demand that the state shall share in the profits of large industries.

· We demand that provision for the aged shall be made on a very greatly increased scale.

· We demand a land-reform suitable to our national requirements, the passing of a law for the confiscation of land for communal purposes; the abolition of interest on mortgages, and prohibition of all speculation in land.

· We demand an agrarian reform suitable to our national requirements; the enactment of a law to expropriate without compensation the owners of any land that may be needed for national purposes; the abolition of ground rents; and the prohibition of all speculation in land.

· ...the state shall organize thoroughly the whole cultural system of the nation . . . The conception of the state idea (the science of citizenship) shall be taught in the schools from the very beginning.

· We demand that specially talented children of poor parents, no matter what their station or occupation, shall be educated at the cost of the state.

· it is the duty of the state to help raise the standard of the nation's health by providing maternity welfare centres, by prohibiting juvenile labour, by increasing physical fitness through the introduction of compulsory games and gymnastics. . . .

· (We) combat the materialistic spirit within and outside us, and are convinced that a permanent recovery of our people can only proceed within on the foundation of "the common good before the individual good."

-- From the "Twenty-Five Point" Programme of the German National Socialist Workers Party, authored by Adolf Hitler and others on February 24, 1920. (Konrad Heiden's translation in A History of National Socialism)

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This illustrates well the totalitarian tendency which is implicit in the Anarchist or pacifist vision of society. In a society in which there is no law, and in theory no compulsion, the only arbiter of behaviour is public opinion. But public opinion, because of the tremendous urge to conformity in gregarious animals, is less tolerant than any system of law. When human beings are governed by 'thou shalt not', the individual can practise a certain amount of eccentricity: when they are supposedly governed by 'love' or 'reason', he is under continuous pressure to make him behave and think in exactly the same way as everyone else

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As said, this development may seem contradictory, but this is because Orwell lived in the present. His views were always to some extent shaped by the situation he at any given time was in. Perhaps he only had one view. In 1936 Orwell said that to him socialism first and foremost meant liberty and justice, and this view he never left. The contradictions were in many ways a consequence of this basic belief.